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Textual basis
SBL Greek New Testament
Edited by Michael W. Holmes. The project's standardized, publicly inspectable Greek reference edition. It is not presented as retroactive proof that every existing chapter originated from one uniform printed edition.
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Translation record
1 John 4
John707 recordsMark525 recordsMatthew987 recordsLuke929 recordsActs1146 records1 Thessalonians67 recordsGalatians138 records1 Corinthians357 records2 Corinthians250 recordsRomans340 recordsPhilippians84 recordsPhilemon22 recordsColossians74 recordsEphesians121 records2 Thessalonians36 records1 Timothy86 records1 Peter90 records2 Peter61 records1 John107 records2 John10 records3 John13 recordsJude23 recordsRevelation324 records
1 john.4.joh420CanLoveText
οὐ δύναται / πῶς δύναται
TEXTSYNTAXRHETORICTRANSLATIONhigh confidence
Does the final clause make a statement or ask a rhetorical question?
Westcott-Hort, Tregelles, and NA28 read ‘cannot.’ The Byzantine text reads ‘how can,’ turning the same conclusion into a rhetorical question.
Why this default
Westcott-Hort, Tregelles, and NA28 read ‘cannot.’ The Byzantine text reads ‘how can,’ turning the same conclusion into a rhetorical question.
Evidence
ExternalSBLGNT apparatus: οὐ δύναται — WH, Tregelles, NA28; πῶς δύναται — RP.
InternalThe decision record relies on the stated lexical, grammatical, or translation rationale.
Project defaultthe one who does not love a brother or sister whom he or she has seen cannot love God whom he or she has not seen.
Project default · WH/Tregelles/NA28
WitnessesWestcott-Hort · Tregelles · NA28Alternativehow can the one who does not love a brother or sister whom he or she has seen love God whom he or she has not seen?
Byzantine question
WitnessesRPRecord integrity
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The manifest is regenerated from the translation source before every production build. Its source digest is 7c4cbee907fbc0e84976d6e78a615134e2288f8197ce8abcf67b0452155ddc84.
Decision-level revision history begins with this ledger. Earlier development is not reconstructed into false precision; future material changes can be appended to the relevant record with their reason and date.