DWThe Direct WitnessAccount

The evidence beneath the English

Every consequential choice
leaves a record.

The published library was developed through direct Greek analysis, lexical work, and manuscript comparison. Where surviving witnesses materially disagree, the competing Greek readings and their effect on English remain open to the reader.

6,497

chapter-level decision records generated from the live translation registry

1

public provenance schema, designed to remain machine-readable and auditable

SBLGNT

standardized inspectable Greek reference edition

Textual basis

SBL Greek New Testament

Edited by Michael W. Holmes. The project's standardized, publicly inspectable Greek reference edition. It is not presented as retroactive proof that every existing chapter originated from one uniform printed edition.

This is an honest reference claim, not a retroactive claim that all completed work began from one uniform printed edition. Material manuscript forks remain independently documented at the reading they affect.

SBLGNT project · Text and apparatus · License

Translation record

Acts 18

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acts.18.ac18DepartureSubject

ἐκ / ὁ Παῦλος ἐκ / ἀναχωρήσας δὲ ἀπό

TEXThigh confidence

Is Paul named explicitly in the departure clause?

The shorter text leaves Paul implicit; many later witnesses name him explicitly.

Why this default

The earliest broad stream leaves the already active subject implicit; later witnesses add Paul’s name.

Evidence

ExternalImplicit subject: P41, P74, א, B, 33 and Old Latin/Vulgate/Coptic witnesses. Explicit ὁ Παῦλος: A, E, L, P, Ψ, Byzantine and lectionary witnesses.

InternalAdding Paul clarifies the subject at a chapter transition.

Project defaulthe

Shorter reading

WitnessesImplicit Paul · P41, P74, א, B, 33, Old Latin, Vulgate, Coptic
AlternativePaul

Explicit-name reading

Witnessesὁ Παῦλος · A, E, L, P, Ψ, Byzantine, lectionaries
Alternativehe then

Contextual rendering of the shorter reading

WitnessesImplicit Paul · contextual rendering of the shorter reading

Reference roleStandardized inspectable reference; manuscript forks are independently reopened.

Revision historyNo decision-level revision has been recorded since the provenance ledger was introduced.

← All Acts 18 records

Record integrity

One registry drives both the reader and this record.

The manifest is regenerated from the translation source before every production build. Its source digest is 7c4cbee907fbc0e84976d6e78a615134e2288f8197ce8abcf67b0452155ddc84.

Decision-level revision history begins with this ledger. Earlier development is not reconstructed into false precision; future material changes can be appended to the relevant record with their reason and date.