chapter-level decision records generated from the live translation registry
The evidence beneath the English
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John, Mark, Matthew, and Luke were developed through direct Greek analysis, lexical work, and manuscript comparison. Where surviving witnesses materially disagree, the competing Greek readings and their effect on English remain open to the reader.
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standardized inspectable Greek reference edition
Textual basis
SBL Greek New Testament
Edited by Michael W. Holmes. The project's standardized, publicly inspectable Greek reference edition. It is not presented as retroactive proof that every existing chapter originated from one uniform printed edition.
This is an honest reference claim, not a retroactive claim that all completed work began from one uniform printed edition. Material manuscript forks remain independently documented at the reading they affect.
Translation record
Mark 13
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mark.13.m13Birth
ἀρχὴ ὠδίνων
METAPHORTRANSLATIONhigh confidence
What do the upheavals begin?
Ōdines are labor pains, presenting suffering as the beginning of a process rather than its finish.
Why this default
‘The beginning of birth pains’ is default because it preserves odines’ labor metaphor and explicitly marks the upheavals as an opening phase rather than the end itself. ‘Anguish’ retains suffering but removes the image’s implication of an unfolding process.
Evidence
ExternalNo separate external-evidence note is recorded for this stable-text decision.
InternalThe decision record relies on the stated lexical, grammatical, or translation rationale.
Project defaultthe beginning of birth pains
Project default · metaphor retained
Alternativethe start of labor pains
Process explicit
Alternativethe beginning of anguish
Metaphor smoothed
Record integrity
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The manifest is regenerated from the translation source before every production build. Its source digest is 450adc54c1fc782fbae5e9ed6a640a2ae0e3be080722ac134c84e1248c2a312a.
Decision-level revision history begins with this ledger. Earlier development is not reconstructed into false precision; future material changes can be appended to the relevant record with their reason and date.