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John, Mark, Matthew, and Luke were developed through direct Greek analysis, lexical work, and manuscript comparison. Where surviving witnesses materially disagree, the competing Greek readings and their effect on English remain open to the reader.
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SBL Greek New Testament
Edited by Michael W. Holmes. The project's standardized, publicly inspectable Greek reference edition. It is not presented as retroactive proof that every existing chapter originated from one uniform printed edition.
This is an honest reference claim, not a retroactive claim that all completed work began from one uniform printed edition. Material manuscript forks remain independently documented at the reading they affect.
Translation record
Matthew 16
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matthew.16.mt16Keys
τὰς κλεῖδας / τὴν κλεῖδα
TEXTTRANSLATIONhigh confidence
Does Jesus promise ‘the keys’ or ‘the key’?
The earliest form in several major witnesses is plural; a widespread alternative has the singular.
Why this default
Plural ‘keys’ is default because it has very strong early support and is the more concrete image. Singular ‘key’ is ancient and became widespread.
Evidence
ExternalPlural: א*, B*, L, W; singular: א², Bᶜ, C, D, families 1/13 and the broad Byzantine tradition.
InternalA singular may arise by assimilation to familiar biblical ‘key’ formulas; plural could also be expanded to match multiple acts of binding and releasing.
Project defaultthe keys of the kingdom of the heavens
Project default · strong early plural
Witnessesκλεῖδας · א*, B*, L, WAlternativethe key of the kingdom of the heavens
Ancient widespread singular
Witnessesκλεῖς / κλεῖδα · א², Bᶜ, C, D, families 1/13, Byzantine traditionAlternativethe key[s] of the kingdom of the heavens
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WitnessesDisplay option · number markedRecord integrity
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