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John, Mark, Matthew, and Luke were developed through direct Greek analysis, lexical work, and manuscript comparison. Where surviving witnesses materially disagree, the competing Greek readings and their effect on English remain open to the reader.
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standardized inspectable Greek reference edition
Textual basis
SBL Greek New Testament
Edited by Michael W. Holmes. The project's standardized, publicly inspectable Greek reference edition. It is not presented as retroactive proof that every existing chapter originated from one uniform printed edition.
This is an honest reference claim, not a retroactive claim that all completed work began from one uniform printed edition. Material manuscript forks remain independently documented at the reading they affect.
Translation record
Matthew 18
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matthew.18.mt18Trespasses
[τὰ παραπτώματα αὐτῶν]
TEXTTRANSLATIONhigh confidence
Does the closing sentence add ‘their trespasses’?
Strong early witnesses end with ‘forgive his brother from your hearts.’ The later tradition specifies the object as the brother’s trespasses.
Why this default
The shorter ending is default because it has strong early and diverse support. ‘Their trespasses’ explicitly supplies the object already implied by forgiving one’s brother.
Evidence
ExternalShort ending: א, B, D, L, Θ, family 1, 700, 892* and early versions; added ‘their trespasses’: C, K, W, Δ, family 13 and the broad later tradition.
InternalAdding the object clarifies what is forgiven and echoes familiar forgiveness language. Widespread accidental omission is less likely.
Project defaultdoes not forgive his brother
Project default · early shorter form
Witnessesἀφῆτε ... ἀπὸ τῶν καρδιῶν ὑμῶν · א, B, D, L, Θ, family 1Alternativedoes not forgive his brother’s trespasses
Broad later addition
Witnessesτὰ παραπτώματα αὐτῶν · C, K, W, Δ, family 13, broad traditionAlternativedoes not forgive his brother [his trespasses]
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WitnessesDisplay option · object bracketedRecord integrity
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