DWThe Direct WitnessAccount

The evidence beneath the English

Every consequential choice
leaves a record.

John, Mark, Matthew, and Luke were developed through direct Greek analysis, lexical work, and manuscript comparison. Where surviving witnesses materially disagree, the competing Greek readings and their effect on English remain open to the reader.

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chapter-level decision records generated from the live translation registry

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public provenance schema, designed to remain machine-readable and auditable

SBLGNT

standardized inspectable Greek reference edition

Textual basis

SBL Greek New Testament

Edited by Michael W. Holmes. The project's standardized, publicly inspectable Greek reference edition. It is not presented as retroactive proof that every existing chapter originated from one uniform printed edition.

This is an honest reference claim, not a retroactive claim that all completed work began from one uniform printed edition. Material manuscript forks remain independently documented at the reading they affect.

SBLGNT project · Text and apparatus · License

Translation record

Matthew 23

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matthew.23.mt23CupText

ἁρπαγῆς καὶ ἀκρασίας / ἀδικίας

TEXTTRANSLATIONmoderate confidence

What fills the inside of the cup and dish?

The rarer early reading akrasia means lack of self-control or self-indulgence; some witnesses substitute the familiar adikia, unrighteousness.

Why this default

‘Self-indulgence’ is default because the rarer akrasia is strongly attested and best explains substitution with the familiar moral noun ‘unrighteousness.’

Evidence

ExternalSelf-indulgence (ἀκρασίας): א, B, C, L and important early support; unrighteousness (ἀδικίας): D, W, Θ and substantial later support.

InternalScribes commonly replace an unusual word with a familiar ethical term. Both readings fit the denunciation, so external evidence carries the decision.

Project defaultrobbery and self-indulgence

Project default · early reading

Witnessesἀκρασίας · א, B, C, L and early support
Alternativerobbery and unrighteousness

Variant reading

Witnessesἀδικίας · D, W, Θ and later support
Alternativerobbery and self-indulgence [or unrighteousness]

Fork visible in-line

WitnessesDisplay option · noun fork shown

Reference roleStandardized inspectable reference; manuscript forks are independently reopened.

Revision historyNo decision-level revision has been recorded since the provenance ledger was introduced.

← All Matthew 23 records

Record integrity

One registry drives both the reader and this record.

The manifest is regenerated from the translation source before every production build. Its source digest is 450adc54c1fc782fbae5e9ed6a640a2ae0e3be080722ac134c84e1248c2a312a.

Decision-level revision history begins with this ledger. Earlier development is not reconstructed into false precision; future material changes can be appended to the relevant record with their reason and date.