DWThe Direct WitnessAccount

The evidence beneath the English

Every consequential choice
leaves a record.

John, Mark, Matthew, and Luke were developed through direct Greek analysis, lexical work, and manuscript comparison. Where surviving witnesses materially disagree, the competing Greek readings and their effect on English remain open to the reader.

1,738

chapter-level decision records generated from the live translation registry

1

public provenance schema, designed to remain machine-readable and auditable

SBLGNT

standardized inspectable Greek reference edition

Textual basis

SBL Greek New Testament

Edited by Michael W. Holmes. The project's standardized, publicly inspectable Greek reference edition. It is not presented as retroactive proof that every existing chapter originated from one uniform printed edition.

This is an honest reference claim, not a retroactive claim that all completed work began from one uniform printed edition. Material manuscript forks remain independently documented at the reading they affect.

SBLGNT project · Text and apparatus · License

Translation record

Matthew 23

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matthew.23.mt23Verse14

[οὐαὶ ... κατεσθίετε τὰς οἰκίας τῶν χηρῶν]

TEXTBOUNDARYTRANSLATIONhigh confidence

Does Matthew include the woe about devouring widows’ houses?

The entire verse is absent from the earliest and most diverse witnesses; later copies insert a saying secure in Mark 12:40 and Luke 20:47, in more than one position.

Why this default

Omission is default because the earliest and most diverse witnesses lack the verse, while the same saying is secure in Mark and Luke. Its variable position in Matthew is characteristic of a later insertion.

Evidence

ExternalOmit: א, B, D, L, Z, Θ, family 1, 33 and major early versions; include: later witnesses, placed either before or after verse 13.

InternalHarmonization from Mark 12:40 or Luke 20:47 readily explains the wording. Multiple insertion points are difficult to explain if the sentence originally occupied one fixed place.

Project default[Verse 14 absent from the earliest text]

Project default · omission

Witnessesverse absent · א, B, D, L, Z, Θ, f¹, 33, early versions
AlternativeWoe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, because you devour widows’ houses and for a pretense pray at length; because of this you will receive greater judgment

Later inserted verse

Witnessesverse present · later Greek and Byzantine witnesses
Alternative[Woe ... you devour widows’ houses ...]

Fork visible in-line

WitnessesDisplay option · whole verse bracketed

Reference roleStandardized inspectable reference; manuscript forks are independently reopened.

Revision historyNo decision-level revision has been recorded since the provenance ledger was introduced.

← All Matthew 23 records

Record integrity

One registry drives both the reader and this record.

The manifest is regenerated from the translation source before every production build. Its source digest is 450adc54c1fc782fbae5e9ed6a640a2ae0e3be080722ac134c84e1248c2a312a.

Decision-level revision history begins with this ledger. Earlier development is not reconstructed into false precision; future material changes can be appended to the relevant record with their reason and date.