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John, Mark, Matthew, and Luke were developed through direct Greek analysis, lexical work, and manuscript comparison. Where surviving witnesses materially disagree, the competing Greek readings and their effect on English remain open to the reader.
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standardized inspectable Greek reference edition
Textual basis
SBL Greek New Testament
Edited by Michael W. Holmes. The project's standardized, publicly inspectable Greek reference edition. It is not presented as retroactive proof that every existing chapter originated from one uniform printed edition.
This is an honest reference claim, not a retroactive claim that all completed work began from one uniform printed edition. Material manuscript forks remain independently documented at the reading they affect.
Translation record
Matthew 8
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matthew.8.mt8Region
τὴν χώραν τῶν Γαδαρηνῶν / Γερασηνῶν / Γεργεσηνῶν
TEXTTRANSLATIONlow confidence
Which regional name stands in the demon episode?
The manuscript tradition preserves three principal place-names. Gadarenes has strong early Matthew support; Gerasenes aligns with Mark and Luke; Gergesenes may reflect an attempt to locate the scene more plausibly near the lake.
Why this default
Gadarenes is the working default because it has strong support in Matthew and distinguishes his form from Mark and Luke. The place-name tradition is deeply divided, and geography likely influenced scribes in several directions.
Evidence
ExternalGadarenes: B, C, M, Θ and a substantial Matthew stream; Gerasenes: א, L and witnesses aligned with Mark/Luke; Gergesenes: later witnesses including W and much Byzantine support.
InternalGerasenes can arise through Synoptic harmonization; Gergesenes through geographic correction. Yet similar place-names and local uncertainty make accidental change plausible, so confidence remains low.
Project defaultthe region of the Gadarenes
Project default · strong Matthew support
WitnessesΓαδαρηνῶν · B, C, M, Θ and substantial Matthew supportAlternativethe region of the Gerasenes
Synoptic reading
WitnessesΓερασηνῶν · א, L and Synoptic-aligned witnessesAlternativethe region of the Gergesenes
Geographic harmonization
WitnessesΓεργεσηνῶν · W and broad later/Byzantine supportAlternativethe region of the Gadarenes [Gerasenes/Gergesenes]
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WitnessesDisplay option · all principal names shownRecord integrity
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